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Membrane technologies for agricultural wastewater treatment
Uhlířová, Marcela ; Touš, Michal (referee) ; Vondra, Marek (advisor)
This thesis deals with an agricultural wastewater treatment (liquid digestate) by membrane technology. There is a fundamental description of characteristics of membrane technology with regard to application of agricultural wastewater treatment in this thesis. Experimental device for treatment of liquid digestate is designed and it consists of three steps – microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. The first step consists of four filters with different pore sizes (80, 25, 10 and 5 µm). The second step is ultrafiltration and the third and key step is reverse osmosis. In the final step monovalent ions such as NH4+ are separated. Reverse osmosis consists of two stage system which results in higher recovery. Three experiments were carried out in order to verify the efficiency of separation dissolved solids.
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Methods of water samples processing with subsequent in vitro detection of endocrine disrupters
Daniel, Romain Oliver ; Komendová, Renata (referee) ; Bittner,, Michal (advisor)
In recent years, interest in monitoring of estrogenic compounds in water environment due to their adverse effects on human and animal health has been increased. Partiucular attention is paid to analytical techniques used to quantify estrogens in water samples, such as instrumental and biological techniques (in vitro, in vivo). Water samples need to be concentrated due to very low estrogen levels (ng·L-1) and low limit of detection of used analytical methods. Solid phase extraction (SPE) or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) are comonly used to concentrate water samples. This bachelor thesis represents reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) as another possible methods for this purpose. This thesis is focused on the preconcentration of water samples spiked with four estrogens (estrone E1, 17-estradiol E2, estriol E3 and 17-ethynylestradiol EE2) and surface water samples taken from three watercourses in city of Brno using RO and SPE and its comparison of their effeciency. This was evaluated by in vitro estrogenicity assay on the stably transfected cell line hER-HeLa-9903. By using RO, estrogens were concentrated with different recovery – the highest recovery was reached for EE2 129.29%, lowest for E2 38.53%. No detectable amount of estrogen has been detected in surface water samples. RO appears to be a suitable method to the water samples preconcentration prior to in vitro analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds. Water samples treated by the SPE method were not measured untill the sunbmission of bachelor thesis, so the RO and SPE efficiency was not performed.
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Seawater desalination
Kamenický, Robin ; Hájek, Zdeněk (referee) ; Maar, Tomáš (advisor)
Každodenní nedostatek pitné vody vede ke snahám tento problém řešit. Jedna z možnosti je odsolování ať už destilační, za pomoci membrán a osmózy, či dalších nekonvenčních způsobů jako je zmražení vody. Tato práce se zabývá možnostmi odsolování. Popisuje způsoby destilační, reverzní osmózu, solární odsolování a nezapomíná ani na separaci pitné vody pomoci zmražení. Spolu se získáváním pitné vody ze slané nastává také otázka energetických zdrojů. Využití fosilních paliv, obnovitelných zdrojů energie a jaderné energie, je tedy další nepostradatelné téma popisované v této práci. V neposlední řadě se zde také můžete dočíst o možném dopadu odsolování na životní prostředí, ať už z hlediska globálního v podobě možné produkce skleníkových plynů nebo dopadů lokálních. V závěrečné kapitole je podrobná ekonomická analýza odsolovacího zařízení pomoci počítačového programu DEEP. Popisované zařízení je na bázi multi effect distillation a reverzní osmózy, pro které se získává energie z jaderné elektrárny.
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Osmotic power plants
Šikula, František ; Brázdil, Marian (referee) ; Šnajdárek, Ladislav (advisor)
The main purpose of this bachelor thesis is a theoretical description and an analysis of osmotic plants, mainly their suitability for being used as an alternative source for energy making. In the first part of this thesis are explained elementary principles of converting osmotic power to energy. In the next part are presented main characteristic features of an osmotic power plant. This section consist of description of its potential location, of water pre-treatment and of membranes units. The last section of this thesis consists of a case study, which analyses a potential osmotic power plant located in Scotland. In this case study are summarized all assumed approximate costs of this power plant. In the conclusion was proved that nowadays osmotic power plants are not financially favorable.
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Mathematic Modelling of Reverse Osmosis System Design for Detection of Estrogens in Water
Siegel, Jan ; Skopalík, Josef (referee) ; Bittner, Michal (advisor)
Estrogen compounds are a subgroup of the environmental pollutants named Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. It is a large group of chemicals which are capable of causing hormonal imbalance of an organism and affecting its reproductive, developmental or behavioral functions. In the environment, they are found in very low concentrations (below ng/l). This makes their detection and elimination highly problematic. The Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX) has been developing an experimental device which employes reverse osmosis (RO) to concentrate the trace amounts of micropollutants (e.g. estrogens). The aim is to lower the detection limit of subsequent analytical methods. RO seems to be a promising alternative to commonly used methods which are more time consuming and costly. The aim of this thesis is to create a mathematical model of RO, which would describe the process of estrogen concentration and therefore could contribute to the optimization of experimental device. The mathematical model was created in MATLAB-simulink and verified by comparison to thirteen experimental results. The solutions used to test the model were NaCl at 0.002–2 g/l and drinking water with 17-ethinylestradiol of 25 ng/l. In order to concentrate the retentate on a flat-sheet RO membrane the model achieves a mean relative error in the range of 0.9–4.9 % for NaCl and drinking water. For the concentration of estrogens the deflection is 3.6 %. Comparing the model and experimental concentration of NaCl on a spiral wound RO-membrane, the deviation is in the range of 5.9–8.7 %. So far, ratio of retentate volume from the beginning to the end of the process has been used to determine the process recovery. However, due to the results obtained in the thesis, this approach appears inaccurate. A more accurate recovery would likely be achieved by using the theoretical concentration value obtained by the proposed mathematical model. However, to increase reliability, the further measurements with estrogens are needed, and also to determine the causes of deflection of model and experimental retentate volume values at the end of the concentration
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Evaluation of concentrate from pressure-driven membrane processes
Vejlupek, Petr ; Komendová, Renata (referee) ; Repková, Martina (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the concentrate from the municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTTP) and its disposal in the legislative power of the Czech Republic. The concentrate was sampled from UF-RO system. Common parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved and undissolved solids, nitrate anions, nitrite anions, ammonium cations and chloride anions were determined. In the RO concentrate COD were determined from 16 mg/l to 33 mg/l, BOD5 were determined from 5,04 mg/l to 5,43 mg/l, concentration of dissolved solids were in the range of 1,19 g/l – 1,61 g/l, concentration of undissolved solids were in the range of 5 mg/l – 17 mg/l, concentration of ammonium cations were in the range of 0,24 mg/l – 2,56 mg/l, concentration of nitrite anions were in range of 0,15 mg/l – 6,50 mg/l, concentration of nitrate anions were in the range of 50 mg/l – 175 mg/l and concentration of chloride anions were in the range of 100 mg/l to 300 mg/l. It was determined that the RO concentrate exceed limits set by Czech Republic Government Decree No. 445/2021 Coll. [1] cannot be discharged into surface waters. Also it cannot be discharged into groundwater because of RO concentrate composition.
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Upgrading of industrial WWTP´s in company BOSCH Diesel ltd.
Koláček, Ivo ; Hluštík, Petr (referee) ; Hlavínek, Petr (advisor)
This bachelor's thesis is about industrial wastewater treatment plant. The first part of thesis decides whether the choice of intensification was the right solution. The next part is about industrial wastewater treatment plant after intensification and decides about the correctness of the intensification. In the penultimate part is made a project for further use of purifed water. The last part is giving options for improving cleaning efficiency in small reservoir.
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Possibilities of elimination of residual ammonia content from technological water in power plants
Hajzler, Jan ; Bartoníčková, Eva (referee) ; Opravil, Tomáš (advisor)
This master thesis aims to study the possibilities of eliminating, or separation of ammonium shares from technological water of plants, where is introduced a secondary method of flue gas denitrification (SCR, SNCR). The need for elimination of ammonium shares arose after introduction of emission cap, which have been tightened since January 2015. The denitrification technologies were installed on devices that did not comply with the new limits. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the description of combustion processes, as a fluid, and high temperature combustion of solid fuels, mechanisms of emissions and their reduction options. At the conclusion of the theoretical part is discussed the contents of the ammoniacal nitrogen in waters used in electricity and heating facilities to transport, or from which are separated by solid products of some processes such as desulphurization. There are also discussed some options for removal of ammonium salts from technological waters. Experimental part deals with finding appropriate method of determination of ammoniacal nitrogen, and the possibilities of its elimination by conversion to insoluble compound. Last but not least, the work deals with the evaluation of the sustainability of the proposed solutions. And as well as the real possibilities of their application in practice.
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Design of an autonomous desalination unit
Kijanica, Michael ; Máša, Vítězslav (referee) ; Fan, Yee Van (advisor)
Nedostatek vody se rozvinul v globální problém, který se již netýká jen pouštních a suchých oblastí. Odsolování mořské vody se rozvinulo jakožto způsob výroby pitné vody v přímořských oblastech, které se zároveň potýkají s dlouhodobým nedostatkem vody. Ale odsolování mořské vody je známé svou technickou komplexností, energetickou náročností a nutnými investičními náklady. Provoz odsolovacích zařízení vzbudil obavy ohledně jejich dopadu na životní prostředí, konkrétně kvůli vysoké spotřebě energie a produkce vysoce koncentrované odpadní solanky. Tato diplomová práce se zaměřuje na návrh malé autonomní odsolovací jednotky, která k provozu využívá solární energii a vyhodnocením její ekonomické proveditelnosti a dopadů na životní prostředí. Dvě odsolovací jednotky (Varianta A: reverzní osmóza, Varianta B: mechanická parní komprese) a jejich fotovoltaické systémy byly navrženy na základě rešerše literatury. Jednotka s reverzní osmózou byla zvolena na základě technických a ekonomických parametrů – konkrétně kvůli nižší spotřebě energie a nižším investičním nákladům. Navržená varianta A má denní kapacitu produkce 22,14 m3 a jednotkovou spotřebu elektřiny 5,6 kWh/m3, což je srovnatelné s jinými jednotkami obdobné kapacity. Fotovoltaický systém má výkon 209 kWp a skládá se z 36 panelů, které zaujímají plochu 95 m2. Investiční náklady systému s reverzní osmózou činí 146 550 dolarů a prostá doba návratnosti je 5,6 let, oproti variant B, která má prostou dobu návratnosti 18,8 let. Z celkem 11 posuzovaných environmentálních vlivů, potenciál globálního oteplení varianty A byl vyhodnocen na 335 kg CO2eq/1000 m3, kde celkem 42 % zaujímal vliv výroby a zpracování materiálů a 58 % zaujímá vliv výroby energie. Environmentální profil této solární odsolovací jednotky s reverzní osmózou byl hodnocen v porovnání s environmentálními vlivy dodávky elektřiny z evropských a českých energetických mixů. Další výzkum by se měl zaměřit na prozkoumání environmentálních vlivů této odsolovací jednotky a zahrnout management zpracování po konci životnosti a transport. Potenciál zlepšení byl shledán v optimalizaci fotovoltaického systému a porovnání této jednotky s nově se rozvíjejícími jednotkami, které jsou momentálně ve fázi výzkumu.
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Purification of reverse osmosis concentrate using advanced oxidation processes
Bačovská, Leona ; Lev,, Jaroslav (referee) ; Repková, Martina (advisor)
This bachelor thesis investigates the possibility of using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the degradation of surfactants in laundry wastewater reverse osmosis concentrate. The theoretical part offers an up-to-date perspective on the treatment and disposal of reverse osmosis concentrate and laundry wastewater treatment, and further explains the principle of AOPs. In the experimental part, sodium dodecyl sulfate was selected as a model anionic surfactant. The degradation of sodium dodecyl sulfate was monitored in distilled water, in artificial laundry wastewater and in a real concentrate. All experiments were conducted on a semi-operational AOP unit and the following three reaction systems were used: UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3. The effectiveness of all three mentioned systems was demonstrated, with a degradation in sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration of 68 – 69 % in distilled water and 53 – 56 % in artificial laundry wastewater. In the real concentrate, the UV/H2O2 system was the most effective system when there was a 73 % degradation in anionic surfactants.
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